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Metrics
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Official Name
The current legal building name.
Other Names
Other names the building has commonly been known as, including former names, common informal names, local names, etc.
Name of Complex
A complex is a group of buildings which are designed and built as pieces of a greater development.
Type
CTBUH collects data on two major types of tall structures: 'Buildings' and 'Telecommunications / Observation Towers.' A 'Building' is a structure where at least 50% of the height is occupied by usable floor area. A 'Telecommunications / Observation Tower' is a structure where less than 50% of the structure's height is occupied by usable floor area. Only 'Buildings' are eligible for the CTBUH 'Tallest Buildings' lists.
Status
Country
The CTBUH follows the United Nations's definition of Country, and thus uses the lists and codes established by that organization.
City
The CTBUH follows the United Nations's definition of City, and thus uses the lists and codes established by that organization.
Address
Function
A single-function tall building is defined as one where 85% or more of its usable floor area is dedicated to a single usage. Thus a building with 90% office floor area would be said to be an "office" building, irrespective of other minor functions it may also contain.
A mixed-use tall building contains two or more functions (or uses), where each of the functions occupy a significant proportion of the tower's total space. Support areas such as car parks and mechanical plant space do not constitute mixed-use functions. Functions are denoted on CTBUH "Tallest Building" lists in descending order, e.g., "hotel/office" indicates hotel function above office function.
Structural Material
Steel
Both the main vertical/lateral structural elements and the floor spanning systems are constructed from steel. Note that a building of steel construction with a floor system of concrete planks or concrete slab on top of steel beams is still considered a “steel” structure as the concrete elements are not acting as the primary structure.
Reinforced Concrete
Both the main vertical/lateral structural elements and the floor spanning systems are constructed from concrete which has been cast in place and utilizes steel reinforcement bars.
Precast Concrete
Both the main vertical/lateral structural elements and the floor spanning system are constructed from steel reinforced concrete which has been precast as individual components and assembled together on-site.
Mixed-Structure
Utilizes distinct systems (e.g. steel, concrete, timber), one on top of the other. For example, a steel/concrete indicates a steel structural system located on top of a concrete structural system, with the opposite true of concrete/steel.
Composite
A combination of materials (e.g. steel, concrete, timber) are used together in the main structural elements. Examples include buildings which utilize: steel columns with a floor system of reinforced concrete beams; a steel frame system with a concrete core; concrete-encased steel columns; concrete-filled steel tubes; etc. Where known, the CTBUH database breaks out the materials used in a composite building’s core, columns, and floor spanning separately.
Height
Height is measured from the level of the lowest, significant, open-air, pedestrian entrance to the architectural top of the building, including spires, but not including antennae, signage, flag poles or other functional-technical equipment. This measurement is the most widely utilized and is employed to define the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) rankings of the "World's Tallest Buildings."
Floors Above Ground
The number of floors above ground should include the ground floor level and be the number of main floors above ground, including any significant mezzanine floors and major mechanical plant floors. Mechanical mezzanines should not be included if they have a significantly smaller floor area than the major floors below. Similarly, mechanical penthouses or plant rooms protruding above the general roof area should not be counted. Note: CTBUH floor counts may differ from published accounts, as it is common in some regions of the world for certain floor levels not to be included (e.g., the level 4, 14, 24, etc. in Hong Kong).
Floors Below Ground
The number of floors below ground should include all major floors located below the ground floor level.
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By function
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Construction Start
Completed
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Architect
Arquitectonica
Arthur CS Kwok
Structural Engineer
MEP Engineer
Thomas Anderson & Partners Limited
Contractor
Paul Y. Engineering Group
Cladding
Elevator
Sematic S.r.l.
About Landmark East Tower 2
A twin tower development located in the Kwun Tong area of Hong Kong, Landmark East’s floor plates vary in size between the two towers, providing maximum flexibility for leasing. Derived from the long narrow site, the rectilinear slab towers are formed into a composition of slim, interlocking planes, slanted at varying angles to create a sense of movement and play.
The cores and floor zones are arranged to take advantage of harbor views. The broad south elevations combined with the intersecting volumes provide valuable office space and corner units that take advantage of harbor exposure at the upper levels.
The building façade consists of a fully unitized aluminum framed curtain wall system. The floor to ceiling glazing utilizes the latest glazing technology: clear double glazed units incorporating performance solar coatings allow maximum light transmission while reducing thermal transmission through the façade.
The car parking and servicing has been restricted to the basement and a podium structure at the base of tower two. This allows the remainder of the site to open up to form a landscaped plaza at grade, a unique feature for office developments in the area.
The vertical transportation was carefully analyzed in order to maximize lifting capacity whilst maintaining floor plate efficiencies. Each tower is divided into 3 lift zones and high-speed lifts are provided. Two car park lifts are provided in each tower providing direct access to the main lift lobbies from the car park levels.
The building has a number of sustainable features; recycled rainwater is used for irrigation of the property’s landscaped areas. Energy efficiency is also enhanced through such features as double-glazed low-E glass façades, vertically finned to reduce glare and heat intrusion.
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