CTBUH Gold Member

Goettsch Partners

About

Member Since: 2004

Member Offices: Chicago

Website: http://www.gpchicago.com

Goettsch Partners (GP), through a progression of leadership transitions, traces its roots to 1938 when Mies van der Rohe established his design practice in Chicago. GP is an innovative architecture firm with a global perspective, emphasizing a singular design approach across offices in Chicago, Shanghai and Abu Dhabi.

Focused on combining exceptional design, technical expertise and unmatched service, the firm creates measurable value and environmentally responsible solutions. Services include architecture, interiors, planning and building enclosure design. Diverse projects around the world share a consistent emphasis on bringing bold design clarity to complex challenges.

Fields of Expertise

Architecture

Membership details

Membership Level

Gold

Member Since

2004

Member Offices

  • Chicago

Buildings

Please note that all heights shown in italics/red are estimated heights. These have been calculated based on known floor counts for the building, then extrapolated through analyzing typically hundreds of buildings of the same function on this database that do have confirmed heights. The user should be aware that non-standard building features, such as significant spires or raised entrances / podiums, may affect the accuracy of these estimations.

Rank
Name
Status

Completed

Architecturally Topped Out

Structurally Topped Out

Under Construction

On Hold

Proposed

Vision

Never Completed

Demolished

Competition Entry

Canceled

Proposed Renovation

Under Renovation

Renovated

Under Demolition

See all status definitions
Height

1

Guangxi China Resources Tower

402.7 m / 1,321 ft

2

Greenland Optics Valley Center Landmark Tower

400 m / 1,312 ft

3

Poly 335 Financial Center Tower 1

335.2 m / 1,100 ft

4

Nanjing International Center 3

306 m / 1,004 ft

5

R&F Yingkai Square

296.2 m / 972 ft

6

One Chicago Square East Tower

295.8 m / 971 ft

7

China Horoy Qianhai Guanze Office Tower 1

293 m / 961 ft

8

China Resources Qianhai Center Tower 1

291.5 m / 956 ft

9

Changchun China Resources Center Tower 1

282.7 m / 927 ft

10

4th & Brazos

250.9 m / 823 ft

Awards

110 North Wacker

Award of Excellence: 110 North Wacker

Best Tall Building 200-299 meters 2021

Ctbuh Leaders

Patrick Loughran

Patrick Loughran

CTBUH Expert Peer Review Committee, 2014 – Present

Matthew Larson

Matthew Larson

CTBUH Chapter Board Member, 2018 – Present

Chicago

Travis Soberg

Travis Soberg

CTBUH Height and Data Committee, 2018 – Present

Chicago

Building Completions Timeline

 

Videos

30 May 2018

A Generous Public Domain at an Urban Crossroads

The 150 North Riverside site is located prominently at the confluence of the three branches of the Chicago River and less than one block away...

View all

Research

17 October 2016

From Meadows to Megacities: Creating Urban Density in the Pearl River Region

The Greater Pearl River Delta region emerged as a result of China’s 1979 reform policies. Within the last 20 years, the GPRD has grown from...

View all

Global News

13 April 2021

Chicago Office Tower Tops Out

Construction has topped out for the 50-story, 727-foot-tall (221-meter-tall) office tower at 320 S Canal Street in the West Loop. Also known as BMO Tower,...

View all

Associated companies

Lohan Caprile Goettsch Architects (2005)

Lohan Associates (2002)

FCL Associates (1986)

Fujikawa Conterato Lohan & Associates (1982)

The Office of Mies van der Rohe (1975)

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1969)

Please note that all heights shown in italics/red are estimated heights. These have been calculated based on known floor counts for the building, then extrapolated through analyzing typically hundreds of buildings of the same function on this database that do have confirmed heights. The user should be aware that non-standard building features, such as significant spires or raised entrances / podiums, may affect the accuracy of these estimations.

Rank
Name
City
Height

1

R&F Guangdong Building

Tianjin

468 m

1,535 ft

2

Nanning China Resources Tower

Nanning

445 m

1,460 ft

3

Guangxi China Resources Tower

Nanning

403 m

1,321 ft

4

Greenland Optics Valley Center Landmark Tower

Wuhan

400 m

1,312 ft

5

Nanjing International Center 3

Nanjing

346 m

1,136 ft

6

Poly 335 Financial Center Tower 1

Guangzhou

335 m

1,100 ft

7

Nanjing International Center 3

Nanjing

306 m

1,004 ft

8

R&F Yingkai Square

Guangzhou

296 m

972 ft

9

One Chicago Square East Tower

Chicago

296 m

971 ft

10

China Horoy Qianhai Guanze Office Tower 1

Shenzhen

293 m

961 ft

11

China Resources Qianhai Center Tower 1

Shenzhen

292 m

956 ft

12

Changchun China Resources Center Tower 1

Changchun

283 m

927 ft

13

4th & Brazos

Austin

251 m

823 ft

14

Suzhou Greenland Center Office Tower

Suzhou

250 m

820 ft

15

110 North Wacker

Chicago

249 m

817 ft

16

Andaz Shenzhen Bay

Shenzhen

246 m

807 ft

17

China Resources Qianhai Center Tower 5

Shenzhen

242 m

794 ft

18

Paramount Tower

Nashville

229 m

750 ft

19

Blue Cross-Blue Shield Tower

Chicago

227 m

744 ft

20

China Resources Qianhai Center Tower 2

Shenzhen

224 m

736 ft

21

TD Tower

Toronto

223 m

731 ft

22

BMO Tower

Chicago

222 m

727 ft

23

150 North Riverside

Chicago

221 m

724 ft

24

Chancheng Greenland Center Phase 2 Office Tower 1

Foshan

214 m

702 ft

25

Cityfront Center Plaza

Chicago

213 m

700 ft

26

AMA Plaza

Chicago

212 m

695 ft

27

111 South Wacker

Chicago

208 m

681 ft

28

Rosewood Sanya and Sanya Forum

Sanya

207 m

680 ft

29

China Resources Qianhai Center Tower 4

Shenzhen

201 m

659 ft

30

COFCO Qianhai Asia Pacific Headquarters

Shenzhen

200 m

656 ft

31

Poly Shunde Business Tower

Foshan

200 m

656 ft

32

UBS Tower

Chicago

199 m

652 ft

33

Changchun China Resources Center Tower 2

Changchun

196 m

643 ft

34

Grand Hyatt Dalian

Dalian

195 m

641 ft

35

155 North Wacker

Chicago

195 m

638 ft

36

Changchun China Resources Center Tower 3

Changchun

189 m

620 ft

37

Poly 335 Financial Center Tower 3

Guangzhou

189 m

619 ft

38

Poly 335 Financial Center Tower 4

Guangzhou

185 m

606 ft

39

Park Tower at Transbay

San Francisco

185 m

605 ft

40

TD North Tower

Toronto

183 m

600 ft

41

Chicony Electronics Headquarters

New Taipei City

181 m

592 ft

42

Aviva-COFCO Life Insurance Company Tower

Shenzhen

180 m

591 ft

43

Zhengzhou Greenland New Metropolis Tower 9

Zhengzhou

180 m

591 ft

44

55 East Monroe

Chicago

178 m

583 ft

45

590 West Madison

Chicago

177 m

582 ft

46

Hongwell International Plaza

Changchun

176 m

577 ft

47

222 West Randolph

Chicago

175 m

575 ft

48

One Chicago Square West Tower

Chicago

175 m

574 ft

49

Kluczynski Federal Building

Chicago

171 m

562 ft

50

Nanjing International Center 1

Nanjing

169 m

553 ft

51

Nanjing International Center 2

Nanjing

169 m

553 ft

52

The Summit - Plot 554

Suzhou

167 m

547 ft

53

Grand Hyatt Chengdu at Chicony Plaza

Chengdu

166 m

545 ft

54

China Resources Qianhai Center Tower 3

Shenzhen

165 m

540 ft

55

RBC Plaza

Minneapolis

164 m

539 ft

56

Beijing Nexus Center

Beijing

164 m

538 ft

57

East Finance & Choice Goods Commercial Building

Shanghai

160 m

525 ft

58

Seagram Building

New York City

157 m

515 ft

59

Al Khatem Tower

Abu Dhabi

155 m

509 ft

59

Al Maqam Tower

Abu Dhabi

155 m

509 ft

61

TD South Tower

Toronto

154 m

504 ft

62

China Resources Vanguard Headquarter Building

Shenzhen

145 m

476 ft

63

Mennica Legacy Tower, East Building

Warsaw

140 m

459 ft

64

Prime

Nashville

139 m

456 ft

65

Rivere

Chicago

139 m

455 ft

66

Marriott Marquis Chicago

Chicago

135 m

444 ft

67

Wrigley Building

Chicago

134 m

438 ft

68

Al Sarab Tower

Abu Dhabi

131 m

430 ft

68

Al Sila Tower

Abu Dhabi

131 m

430 ft

70

Market Tower

Indianapolis

128 m

421 ft

71

TD West Tower

Toronto

128 m

420 ft

72

Alcove

Nashville

127 m

416 ft

73

420 East Ohio

Chicago

122 m

400 ft

74

Al Maryah Tower

Abu Dhabi

120 m

394 ft

75

Everett McKinley Dirksen United States Courthouse

Chicago

117 m

383 ft

76

One Illinois Center

Chicago

110 m

362 ft

77

Chancheng Greenland Center Phase 1 Office Tower

Foshan

107 m

352 ft

78

Mutual Benefit Life Building

Kansas City

107 m

352 ft

79

Soochow Securities Headquarters

Suzhou

106 m

349 ft

80

Grand Hyatt Hotel Guangzhou

Guangzhou

104 m

340 ft

81

Unlimited Center

Guangzhou

104 m

340 ft

82

LondonHouse Chicago

Chicago

103 m

338 ft

83

Chancheng Greenland Center Phase 2 Office Tower 3

Foshan

100 m

328 ft

84

Poly Puzhou Parcel 5, Tower 1

Guangzhou

96 m

315 ft

Please note that this height is estimated, based on a floor count of 22 floors. The estimation has been arrived at by analyzing 6,204 other buildings of the same office function on this database that do have confirmed heights. The user should be aware that non-standard features, such as significant spires or raised entrances / podiums, may affect the accuracy of this estimation.

84

Poly Puzhou Parcel 5, Tower 2

Guangzhou

96 m

315 ft

Please note that this height is estimated, based on a floor count of 22 floors. The estimation has been arrived at by analyzing 6,204 other buildings of the same office function on this database that do have confirmed heights. The user should be aware that non-standard features, such as significant spires or raised entrances / podiums, may affect the accuracy of this estimation.

86

Hilton Riyadh Hotel

Riyadh

93 m

306 ft

87

Wrigley Building North Addition

Chicago

90 m

294 ft

88

Wyndham Grand Riyadh

Riyadh

87 m

286 ft

89

Poly Puzhou Parcel 5, Tower 3

Guangzhou

83 m

272 ft

Please note that this height is estimated, based on a floor count of 19 floors. The estimation has been arrived at by analyzing 6,204 other buildings of the same office function on this database that do have confirmed heights. The user should be aware that non-standard features, such as significant spires or raised entrances / podiums, may affect the accuracy of this estimation.

90

860 North Lake Shore Drive

Chicago

82 m

270 ft

90

880 North Lake Shore Drive

Chicago

82 m

270 ft

92

One Charles Center

Baltimore

82 m

269 ft

93

Friedrichstraße Skyscraper

Berlin

80 m

262 ft

94

Esplanade Apartments I

Chicago

79 m

260 ft

94

Esplanade Apartments II

Chicago

79 m

260 ft

96

J.W. Marriott Grand Rapids

Grand Rapids

78 m

256 ft

97

Commonwealth Promenade I

Chicago

77 m

253 ft

97

Commonwealth Promenade II

Chicago

77 m

253 ft

99

China Diamond Exchange Center

Shanghai

77 m

251 ft

100

Hotel Kapok Shenzhen Bay

Shenzhen

72 m

236 ft

Please note that this height is estimated, based on a floor count of 19 floors. The estimation has been arrived at by analyzing 1,089 other buildings of the same hotel function on this database that do have confirmed heights. The user should be aware that non-standard features, such as significant spires or raised entrances / podiums, may affect the accuracy of this estimation.

101

Colonnade Park Apartments

Newark

71 m

233 ft

Please note that this height is estimated, based on a floor count of 21 floors. The estimation has been arrived at by analyzing 8,095 other buildings of the same residential function on this database that do have confirmed heights. The user should be aware that non-standard features, such as significant spires or raised entrances / podiums, may affect the accuracy of this estimation.

102

Hilton Riyadh Residences

Riyadh

71 m

232 ft

103

Lafayette Pavillion Apartments

Detroit

67 m

220 ft

104

Promontory Apartments

Chicago

67 m

218 ft

105

Lafayette Towers Apartments East

Detroit

65 m

213 ft

105

Lafayette Towers Apartments West

Detroit

65 m

213 ft

107

Pavilion Apartments - North Tower

Newark

65 m

212 ft

107

Pavilion Apartments - South Tower

Newark

65 m

212 ft

109

Viceroy Chicago

Chicago

65 m

212 ft

110

The Summit - Plot 553

Suzhou

57 m

187 ft

Please note that this height is estimated, based on a floor count of 16 floors. The estimation has been arrived at by analyzing 317 other buildings of the same retail / residential function on this database that do have confirmed heights. The user should be aware that non-standard features, such as significant spires or raised entrances / podiums, may affect the accuracy of this estimation.

111

Mennica Legacy Tower, West Building

Warsaw

43 m

142 ft

112

Suzhou Greenland Center Apartment Tower 1

Suzhou

- m

- ft

113

Suzhou Greenland Center Apartment Tower 2

Suzhou

- m

- ft

113

Suzhou Greenland Center Apartment Tower 3

Suzhou

- m

- ft

115

China Horoy Qianhai Guanze Office Tower 2

Shenzhen

- m

- ft

116

Poly International Finance Center Tower 1

Guangzhou

- m

- ft

116

Poly International Finance Center Tower 2

Guangzhou

- m

- ft

118

Suzhou Greenland Center Hotel Tower

Suzhou

- m

- ft

119

Poly International Finance Center Tower 3

Guangzhou

- m

- ft

119

Poly International Finance Center Tower 4

Guangzhou

- m

- ft

121

Poly 335 Financial Center Tower 2

Guangzhou

- m

- ft

122

China Horoy Qianhai Guanze Apartment Tower 1

Shenzhen

- m

- ft

122

China Horoy Qianhai Guanze Apartment Tower 2

Shenzhen

- m

- ft

122

China Horoy Qianhai Guanze Hotel Tower

Shenzhen

- m

- ft

122

Financial Street Shanghai Building 1

Shanghai

- m

- ft

122

Financial Street Shanghai Building 2

Shanghai

- m

- ft

122

Financial Street Shanghai Building 3

Shanghai

- m

- ft

122

Financial Street Shanghai Building 4

Shanghai

- m

- ft

122

Financial Street Shanghai Building 5

Shanghai

- m

- ft

122

Greenland Optics Valley Center Tower 2

Wuhan

- m

- ft

Statistics

150 m+ Buildings

29 Completed

20 Under Constr.

300 m+ Buildings

1 Completed

2 Under Constr.

Average Building Age*

27 Years

Most Common Function*

Office (55%), 55 Buildings

Most Common Material*

Concrete (50%), 35 Buildings

* Based on 150 m+ buildings currently in the database.

Total: 100 Buildings for which a function has been assigned.
 
Total: 70 Buildings for which a material has been assigned.
 

*Based on 100 Completed & Under Construction Buildings

Building Completions Timeline

 

Construction Time Chart

NOTE: Construction start time is not available for all buildings. The average construction time is only displayed if there is three or more buildings with construction start and complete data in that year.

 

Designated Experts

James Goettsch

Chairman & Co-CEO, Goettsch Partners
Chicago, United States

James Zheng

President & Co-CEO, Goettsch Partners
Chicago, United States

Ctbuh Leaders At Goettsch Partners

CTBUH Expert Peer Review Committee, 2014 – Present

Patrick Loughran

Principal, Goettsch Partners
Chicago, United States

CTBUH Chapter Board Member, 2018 – Present

Matthew Larson

Chief Marketing Officer, Goettsch Partners
Chicago, United States

CTBUH Height and Data Committee, 2018 – Present

Travis Soberg

Principal, Goettsch Partners
Chicago, United States

CTBUH Advisory Group, 2018 – Present

James Zheng

President & Co-CEO, Goettsch Partners
Chicago, United States

Videos

Filter by

30 May 2018 | Chicago

A Generous Public Domain at an Urban Crossroads

The 150 North Riverside site is located prominently at the confluence of the three branches of the Chicago River and less than one block away...

17 October 2016 | Shenzhen

Megacities - Setting the Scene Q&A

Monday, October 17, 2016. Shenzhen, China. Daniel Safarik, CTBUH; Peter Kindel, Skidmore Owings & Merrill; Travis Soberg, Goettsch Partners, answer questions at the end of...

17 October 2016 | Chicago

From Meadows to Megacities: Creating Urban Density in the Pearl River Region

The Greater Pearl River Delta region emerged as a result of China's 1979 reform policies. Within the last 20 years, the GPRD has grown from...

12 November 2015 | Chicago

Interview: Al Hilal Bank Tower

James Goettsch, Chairman and CEO, Goettsch Partners, is interviewed by Chris Bentley regarding the Best Tall Building Featured Finalist, Al Hilal Bank Tower, Abu Dhabi,...

12 November 2015 | Chicago

Rethinking Office Space Through Creative Design: Al Hilal Bank Tower, Abu Dhabi

James Goettsch, CEO & Partner, Goettsch Partners, speaks at the 14th Annual Best Tall Building Symposium – Session 1 in a presentation entitled "Rethinking Office...

12 November 2015 | Chicago

2015 Awards - Session 1 Q&A

Hiroo Mori, Director & Executive VP, Mori Building, Philip Nikandrov, Chief Architect, Gorproject, James Goettsch, CEO & Partner, Goettsch Partners, Jan Andersson, Senior Advisor, HSB...

26 October 2015 | New York City

2015 New York Conference - Session 1c - Q&A

Rafael Viñoly, Rafael Viñoly Architects; Richard Cook, COOKFOX Architects; and James Goettsch, Goettsch Partners, answer questions at the end of 2015 New York Conference Session...

26 October 2015 | New York City

Urban Open Space - A Tower in the Park and a Park in the Tower

In urban centers dominated by tall buildings, access to outdoor space is important. We will explain how two urban office building developments provide valuable outdoor...

17 September 2014 | Shanghai

Interview: Patrick Loughran

Patrick Loughran of Goettsch Partners is interviewed by Chris Bentley during the 2014 CTBUH Shanghai Conference at the Jin Mao Tower.

16 September 2014 | Shanghai

Blades of Steel: Understanding the Limits of Metal Façade Design

Metal claddings frequently skin our tall buildings. They provide the texture and shine that help distinguish one glass tower from the next. Like the fabric...

Research

17 October 2016

From Meadows to Megacities: Creating Urban Density in the Pearl River Region

Travis Soberg, Goettsch Partners

The Greater Pearl River Delta region emerged as a result of China’s 1979 reform policies. Within the last 20 years, the GPRD has grown from...

17 October 2016

Façade Construction in China: Journey to Lean Design

Allan Chung, Gensler; Ivan Mutis, Illinois Institute of Technology

There is a recent trend in the construction industry to implement “lean concepts,” a management strategy based upon the Toyota Production System philosophy. While the...

26 October 2015

Urban Open Space - A Tower in the Park and a Park in the Tower

James Goettsch, Goettsch Partners

In urban centers dominated by tall buildings, access to outdoor space is important. We will explain how two urban office building developments provide valuable outdoor...

26 October 2015

Chicago – “The” Four Corners

Michael F. Kaufman, Goettsch Partners

GP was selected to Renovate or Adapt “The” prime corners of Michigan Avenue on both sides of the Chicago River, all within a two year...

16 September 2014

Blades of Steel: Understanding the Limits of Metal Façade Design

Patrick Loughran, Goettsch Partners

Metal claddings frequently skin our tall buildings. They provide the texture and shine that help distinguish one glass tower from the next. Like the fabric...

13 June 2013

The History of the European Skyscraper

Nathaniel Hollister, CTBUH

Due to the compact and historic nature of its cities, some unpopular designs, and an unfortunate association with public housing, Europe had historically been slow...

21 September 2012

How Tall Buildings Meet the Ground is as Important as How They Meet the Sky

James Goettsch, Goettsch Partners

If you are concerned about the urban habitat, you have to be concerned about whether or not buildings provide a positive experience at the ground...

19 September 2012

3 Environments, 3 Programs, 3 Solutions

Paul De Santis & Travis Soberg, Goettsch Partners

The effects of climate change, increased population, and lack of natural resources are global issues. As the world continues to consolidate into regional urban centers,...

19 September 2012

Three Environments, Three Programs, Three Solutions

Paul Santis & Travis Soberg, Goettsch Partners

The effects of climate change, increased population, and lack of natural resources are global issues. As the world continues to consolidate into regional urban centers,...

10 October 2011

Vertical Expansion Leads to Innovative Solutions

Travis Soberg & Paul De Santis, Goettsch Partners

The 57 story 300 East Randolph building has established a new standard for innovation in the Chicago skyline. Responding to the programmatic need to accommodate...

Global News

13 April 2021

Chicago Office Tower Tops Out

Construction has topped out for the 50-story, 727-foot-tall (221-meter-tall) office tower at 320 S Canal Street in the West Loop. Also known as BMO Tower,...

18 November 2020

Supertall Tower Opens in Nanning

Opening ceremonies were held 2 November 2020 for the Nanning China Resources Center Tower, developed by CR Land and designed by Goettsch Partners (GP). At...

26 March 2020

Under-Construction Chicago Skyscrapers Acquire New Tenants

Real estate investment firm Heitman has inked a lease for 60,000 square feet (5,600 square meters) at Riverside Investment & Development and Howard Hughes’ under-construction...

26 March 2020

Under-Construction Chicago Skyscrapers Acquire New Tenants

Real estate investment firm Heitman has inked a lease for 60,000 square feet (5,600 square meters) at Riverside Investment & Development and Howard Hughes’ under-construction...

26 February 2020

Design Unveiled for Financial Complex in Guangzhou

A design for Poly 335 Financial Center, a 300,000-square-meter mixed-use complex in the Zengcheng district of Guangzhou, China, has been unveiled by Goettsch Partners. Set...

20 December 2019

Skyscraper Projects in Chicago’s Near West Side Move Forward

Global architecture firm Goettsch Partners (GP) announced the groundbreaking on 20 December 2019 for Union Station Tower, also known as BMO Tower, a new 50-story...

05 December 2019

Chicago Skyscraper Plans to Start Construction After Securing Financial Backing

Work is set to begin in December 2019 on a 1.5 million-square-foot (139,000-square-meter) office tower alongside Union Station, after the developers landed a US$476 million...

22 March 2019

Luxury Co-Working Firm Leases Penthouse in New Wacker Drive Tower in Chicago

The development team behind the new Bank of America Tower going up at 110 N. Wacker Drive today announced a 58,000-square-foot (5,388-square-meter) lease with No18,...

21 February 2019

New Supertall Tops Out in Nanning

One of the world’s tallest new skyscrapers is taking shape in the regional capital of Nanning in Southern China, where a 403-meter (1,322-foot) crystalline tower...

12 December 2018

BMO Harris Bank to Occupy New Chicago Union Station Tower

BMO Harris Bank will consolidate its Chicago offices in 2022 at a new 50-story tower next to Union Station, the bank announced on 10 December...

CTBUH Initiatives Involving Goettsch Partners

CTBUH Chicago Presents: A Panel Discussion on Chicago Building Code Modernization

18 February 2020

The CTBUH Chicago Chapter held for a panel discussion focused on the latest Chicago Building Code Modernization as it relates to high-rise building design.

Tour 110 North Wacker with CTBUH Chicago (Sold Out)

25 July 2019

Join the Chicago Chapter of the CTBUH in exploring the design and construction of 110 North Wacker, an under-construction 57-story office tower.

CTBUH Guangzhou Symposium : Spatial Design

25 January 2019

The CTBUH China Office successfully held a Symposium in Guangzhou revolving around the theme: "Spatial Design: Inside and Outisde of Skyscrapers."

150 North Riverside Holiday Tour

16 December 2016

As an annual tradition, CTBUH HQ staff are given a tour of tall building during their holiday celebrations. This year, the staff visited 150 North Riverside by Goettsch Partners.

CTBUH 2016 Conference Silver Sponsor

16–21 October 2016

Cities to Megacities: Shaping Dense Vertical Urbanism takes place progressively across three Chinese cities: Shenzhen, Guangzhou, and Hong Kong.

Top Company Rankings: The World’s 100 Tallest Buildings

13 October 2016

The Council is pleased to announce the Top Company Rankings for numerous disciplines as derived from the list of projects appearing in 100 of the World’s Tallest Buildings.

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