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The current legal building name.
A complex is a group of buildings which are designed and built as pieces of a greater development.
CTBUH collects data on two major types of tall structures: 'Buildings' and 'Telecommunications / Observation Towers.' A 'Building' is a structure where at least 50% of the height is occupied by usable floor area. A 'Telecommunications / Observation Tower' is a structure where less than 50% of the structure's height is occupied by usable floor area. Only 'Buildings' are eligible for the CTBUH 'Tallest Buildings' lists.
The CTBUH follows the United Nations's definition of Country, and thus uses the lists and codes established by that organization.
The CTBUH follows the United Nations's definition of City, and thus uses the lists and codes established by that organization.
A single-function tall building is defined as one where 85% or more of its usable floor area is dedicated to a single usage. Thus a building with 90% office floor area would be said to be an "office" building, irrespective of other minor functions it may also contain.
A mixed-use tall building contains two or more functions (or uses), where each of the functions occupy a significant proportion of the tower's total space. Support areas such as car parks and mechanical plant space do not constitute mixed-use functions. Functions are denoted on CTBUH "Tallest Building" lists in descending order, e.g., "hotel/office" indicates hotel function above office function.
Steel
Both the main vertical/lateral structural elements and the floor spanning systems are constructed from steel. Note that a building of steel construction with a floor system of concrete planks or concrete slab on top of steel beams is still considered a “steel” structure as the concrete elements are not acting as the primary structure.
Reinforced Concrete
Both the main vertical/lateral structural elements and the floor spanning systems are constructed from concrete which has been cast in place and utilizes steel reinforcement bars.
Precast Concrete
Both the main vertical/lateral structural elements and the floor spanning system are constructed from steel reinforced concrete which has been precast as individual components and assembled together on-site.
Mixed-Structure
Utilizes distinct systems (e.g. steel, concrete, timber), one on top of the other. For example, a steel/concrete indicates a steel structural system located on top of a concrete structural system, with the opposite true of concrete/steel.
Composite
A combination of materials (e.g. steel, concrete, timber) are used together in the main structural elements. Examples include buildings which utilize: steel columns with a floor system of reinforced concrete beams; a steel frame system with a concrete core; concrete-encased steel columns; concrete-filled steel tubes; etc. Where known, the CTBUH database breaks out the materials used in a composite building’s core, columns, and floor spanning separately.
Height is measured from the level of the lowest, significant, open-air, pedestrian entrance to the architectural top of the building, including spires, but not including antennae, signage, flag poles or other functional-technical equipment. This measurement is the most widely utilized and is employed to define the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) rankings of the "World's Tallest Buildings."
The number of floors above ground should include the ground floor level and be the number of main floors above ground, including any significant mezzanine floors and major mechanical plant floors. Mechanical mezzanines should not be included if they have a significantly smaller floor area than the major floors below. Similarly, mechanical penthouses or plant rooms protruding above the general roof area should not be counted. Note: CTBUH floor counts may differ from published accounts, as it is common in some regions of the world for certain floor levels not to be included (e.g., the level 4, 14, 24, etc. in Hong Kong).
The number of floors below ground should include all major floors located below the ground floor level.
Number of Apartments refers to the total number of residential units (including both rental units and condominiums) contained within a particular building.
Number of Elevators refers to the total number of elevator cars (not shafts) contained within a particular building (including public, private and freight elevators).
Tower GFA refers to the total gross floor area within the tower footprint, not including adjoining podiums, connected buildings or other towers within the development.
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Building Monitoring
Environmental
Geotechnical
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Building Monitoring
Environmental
Geotechnical
Cladding
19 September 2012 | San Francisco
As high-rise buildings are built taller and more slender, the dynamic behavior becomes a critical design consideration. Current damping systems cannot be reliably used to...
01 August 2008
What if parts of a building could be occupied before the entire building is completed? What if a large high-rise project could be constructed in...
One Rincon Hill anchors the redeveloping neighborhood of Rincon Hill in San Francisco, California. The all-residential tower is located on a narrow site just eight miles from the San Andreas Fault. In response to being built in this highly seismic region, the project employs a first-of-its-kind structural system, using a nontraditional Performance Seismic Design approach (PSD), the first ever to be approved in California.
This structure features a concrete ductile core wall and four concrete outrigger columns connected by buckling restrained braces. The PSD design eliminated the need for an exterior moment frame which reduced overall cost by 8%, increased individual unit areas, allowed unobstructed views, shortened construction time, opti-mized material quantities, and enhanced performance.
Another first in this project is the tuned liquid-mass damper, the first to be employed in the U.S. Two 54,000-gallon tuned liquid sloshing damper tanks located at the building’s top use the motion of sloshing water to counteract wind accelerations and increase occupant comfort.
Throughout the design development process the structural engineer undertook two different research projects. The first project focused on link beam connections at UCLA (with Charles Pankow Foundation and Webcor Concrete). The other studied post-tensioned slab/wall connections at UC Berkeley. The efforts improved One Rincon Hill’s design, led to a modification of ACI Code 318-08, and will influence future design and construction practices.
19 September 2012 | San Francisco
As high-rise buildings are built taller and more slender, the dynamic behavior becomes a critical design consideration. Current damping systems cannot be reliably used to...
01 August 2008
What if parts of a building could be occupied before the entire building is completed? What if a large high-rise project could be constructed in...
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